| |||||||||||||||
DBTITN 2022 : Degree based topological indices on Titania nanotubes | |||||||||||||||
Link: https://sites.google.com/pondiuni.ac.in/maths-caldam-2022 | |||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||
Call For Papers | |||||||||||||||
Degree Based Topological Indices On
Titania Nanotubes October 5, 2021 K. Vijayalakshmi1 and N. Parvathi2 1Dept.of Mathematics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203,Tamil Nadu, INDIA suraj1719cyr@gmail.com 2Dept.of Mathematics, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur-603 203,Tamil Nadu, INDIA parvathn@srmist.edu.in Abstract The topological index is a numerical quantity that can be characterized as a whole structure of a graph and it correlates physiochemical properties of the corresponding chemical compound. Moreover, these topological indices are related to graph theory mainly with the help of vertex degrees and it has enormous application in several fields. In this paper, topological indices are calculated for Titania nanotubes and Zagreb index, Randic Index, Sum Connectivity Index, Harmonic Index are estimated. Titania nanotubes (T iNT) combine nanotubular structure with the chemical and electronic properties of titania. Key Words and Phrases: Molecular structure descriptor, Topological Indices, Randic Index, Sum-Connectivity Index, Titania nanotube. 1 Introduction Graph theory is an important branch of mathematics and it is one of the fastest expanding and blooming fields in the current era. At the same time 1 chemical graph theory is a part of mathematical chemistry that applies graph theory and goes hand in hand with the mathematical model of chemical phenomena.[2]. Many of the current panoramas of chemical theory are basically investigated from the graph theoretical approach in recent years. Though they belong to a different category, when they combine, give us a colorful result in our daytoday-life. Chemical graphs were first introduced in the eighteenth century [1]. Topological descriptors came into existence from the hydrogen suppressed molecular graph in which atoms are represented by vertices and bonds are represented by edges. The connection between the atoms and bonds is represented mathematically by a graph invariant and the distance between them is calculated and it is named as topological indices. Graph theory when amalgamated with Chemistry produces fruitful results and its applications are not restricted to a single field, its vast implementation makes the combination more powerful in the real life. A graph G consists of two sets namely vertex set V (G) and edge set E(G). If two vertices are connected by an edge, we say it is adjacent. A graph G is simple if it has multiple edges or no loops. The degree of a vertex v is the number of vertices adjacent with vertex v, it is usually denoted by deg(v).The distance between any two vertices u and v is denoted by d(u,v).The diameter of a graph is the maximum distance between any two vertices of G. Topological indices are nothing but real numbers which forms a bridge between graphs and chemical compounds and it is mainly useful in Quantity Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) and Quantity Structure-Property Relationship(QSPR).It is very interesting and surprising to know the fact that without using lab we can predict approximately some properties of chemical structures using the topological indices, take for instance boiling point, viscosity, radius of gyration can be calculated approximately using the indices.[1].In the same way as topological indices, polynomials such as Hosoya polynomial and M-polynomial plays a vital role in the calculation of degree- based topological indices.[1].(4,5,6,12] Wiener was the first person to define the topological indices while examining the boiling point of some kinds of paraffin. Titania nanotube (T iNT) integrates the nanotubular structure with the optical and chemical properties of titania nanostructure.[4]. Titanium dioxide (T iO2) has been used since the starting of the twentieth century and mainly it is used as a commercial unit in sensors, solar cells, sun-blockers and in pharmaceutical science mainly in drug delivery.[4][16-22]. The major aim of 2 (T iO2) is to produce photogenerated electron-hole pairs under lighting irradiation, which aids in breaking down the components of water into oxygen and hydrogen, thereby solving the energy issue in the future as the most potential fuel. Fujishima and colleagues were the first to demonstrate photocatalytic water splitting on a (TiO2) electrode under UV light [4][23-25]], and titanium dioxide has since become one of the most researched components in material science. t has the broadest range of functional qualities of all transition metal oxides, including chemical inertness, corrosion resistance, and stability, with an emphasis on improving biocompatibility [4][26] and electrical and optical properties [4] (1). Since Iijima’s discovery of carbon nanotubes in 1991[4][27], demonstrated a unique combination of shape and functionality, where properties can be influenced directly by geometry, massive efforts have been made in the field of nanotechnology, primarily in the chemical, physical, and biomedical, material science. Although carbon remains the most studied nanomaterial, another class of nanotubular materials, mainly based on transition metal oxides, has piqued researchers curiosity in the last two decades. Assefpour-Dezfuly[4] [28]was the first to try to make anodized titania nanotubes who employed an alkaline peroxide treatment followed by electrochemical anodization with chromic acid in an electrolyte Since Zwilling et al. published the first self-organized nanotube layers on Ti substrate by electrochemical anodization in chromic acid electrolytes containing fluorine ions in 1999, the field has rapidly expanded[4] [14]. In the last 20 years, the synthesis of titania nanotube arrays has contributed to a diversification of prospective applications in areas such as anti-corrosion, self-cleaning coatings, paints to sensors [31-33], dye-sensitized and solid state bulk heterojunction solar cells [34-36] photocatalysis [37,38] electrocatalysis and water photoelectrolysis[39]. These nanotubes outperform in biomedical applications such as biomedical coatings with improved osseointegration, medication delivery systems, and advanced tissue engineering as biocompatible materials. [29,30,31,32]. Hosoya index is the first recognized topological index in the chemical graph theory and it is popularly known as the topological index. To estimate the boiling point of certain alkane isomers Harold Wiener in 1947 used the topological indices hence the name Wiener Index. [42]. Several topological indices came into existence after his research and the other topological indices include Balban Index, Randic Index, Estada Index, Zagreb Index, Gutman Index etc. Randic Index is a well-known topological index invented in 1976 by Milan 3 Randic[43]. Definition 1.1. Let G be a graph. Then the Wiener Index of G is defined as W(G) = 1 2 P (u,v)∈E(G) dG(u, v) here (u, v) is any ordered pair of vertices in G and dG(a, b) is a − b geodesic (which is the shortest path) [42]. Definition 1.2. Let G be a graph, the first and second Zagreb index is defined as M1(G) = X uv∈E(G) [deg(u) + deg(v)] M2(G) = X uv∈E(G) [deg(u) × deg(v)] The generalized Zagreb index [45] of a connected graph G based on degree of vertices of G for all p, q ∈ N is defined as Mp,q(G) = P uv∈E(G) (d p ud q v + d p vd q u ). Definition 1.3. The very first and oldest degree based topological index is Randic index denoted by Rα(G) introduced by Milan Randic in 1975 [43]. Let G be a graph. Then the Randic Index of G is defined as Rα(G) = X uv∈E(G) 1 √ SuSv Definition 1.4. One of the well-known connectivity topological index is atom-bond connectivity (ABC) index introduced by Estrada et. al. in [47]. For a graph G, ABC Index is defined as ABC(G) = X uv∈E(G) r Su + Sv − 2 SuSv Definition 1.5. Another topological index, Geometric-Arithmetic index is introduced by Vukicevic and Furtula [44]. Consider a graph, then its Geometric index popularly known as GA index is defined as GA(G) = X uv∈E(G) 2 √ SuSv (Su + Sv) 4 Definition 1.6. The Sum Connectivity Index SCI(G) was invented by Zhou and Trinajstic [46]. The Sum Connectivity Index SCI(G) is a topological index of a molecular graph G is defined as SCI(G) = X uv∈E(G) 1 √ Su + Sv In this article edge versions of important degree based topological indices are computed. The figure shows the Titania structure of the graph T iO2[m, n]. Figure 1: The graph of T iO2[m, n] Nanotubes with m = 6 and n = 4 2 Main Results Though Carbon nanotube, so far explored in a massive way another class of nanomaterial which is based on transition metal oxide attracted considerable interests in the last two decades. The carbon nanotube, when combined with titania nanotube, helps in the enhancement of electrical properties and it is a well-known semiconductor that has mind blowing technological applications in various fields. Titania nanotubes are applied in material science and it has more technological applications. Moreover, titanium nanotubes form an interesting class in the nanomaterial and experimental research shows that it is not only restricted to a single field but it has endless applications. Titania nanotubes have been synthesized and investigated as potential technology materials over the last two decades utilizing a variety of approaches. Since the growth 5 mechanism for T iO2 nanotubes is still not well defined, their comprehensive theoretical studies attract enhanced attention. T iO2 sheets with a thickness of a few atomic layers were found to be remarkably stable [40][41]. The structure of Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] is represented in the above figure and we represent two variables in the structure to define the nanotubes where m denotes the number of octagons in a row and n denotes the number of octagons in a column of the titania nanotube. The partition of the vertex set and edge set in Titania nanotube T iO2 are discussed below. Let us consider the simple connected graph with the vertex set V (G) and edge set E(G). Here minimum degree is represented by δ(G) and maximum degree is represented by ∆(G) and the values are restricted between i, j and k. Also Su is defined as follows: Su = X v∈NG(u) d(v) where NG(u) = {v ∈ V (G)|uv ∈ E(G)} δ(G) ≤ k ≤ ∆(G) 2δ(G) ≤ i ≤ 2∆(G) δ(G) 2 ≤ j ≤ ∆(G) 2 Vk = {v ∈ V (G)|d(u) = 2} Ei = {e = uv ∈ E(G)|d(u) + d(v) = i} In the molecular graph of T iO2 nanotube, we observe that 2 ≤ d(G) ≤ 5, the vertex partition of the structure is given below. V2 = {v ∈ V (G)|d(u) = 2} V3 = {v ∈ V (G)|d(u) = 3} V4 = {v ∈ V (G)|d(u) = 4} V5 = {v ∈ V (G)|d(u) = 5} It is easy to see that |V2| = 2mn + 4n. |V3| = 2mn |V4| = 2n |V5| = 2mn 6 and hence we have |V (T iO2)| = 6n(m + 1). The edge partition of the titanium nanotube is given as follows. E6 = {e = uv ∈ E(G)|d(u) = 2 and d(v) = 4} E7 = {e = uv ∈ E(G)|d(u) = 2 and d(v) = 5} ∪ {e = uv ∈ E(G)|d(u) = 3 and d(v) = 4} Ei = {e = uv ∈ E(G)|d(u) = 3 and d(v) = 5} The vertex partition Vk and edge partition Ei are collectively exhaustive that is ∆( [ G) k=δ(G) Vk = V (G) 2∆( [ G)−2 i=3δ(G) Ek = E(G) Table 1: The edge partitions based on degree of end vertices Edge partition E6 E7 Es Cardinality 6n 4mn + 4n 6mn − 2n Table 2: The edge partitions based on degree sum of neighbors of end vertices (Su, Sv) where uv ∈ E(T iO2[m, n]) (10,5) (7,5) (7,9) (8,9) (10,9) (11,9) Number of edges 2 2 2n 4n 2n 6m Table 3: The edge partitions based on degree sum of neighbor of end vertices (Su, Sv) where uv ∈ E(T iO2[m, n]) (13,9) (7,13) (10,13) (11,13) (13,13) Number of edges 3n 2n 4mn + 2n 2mn − 2n 6mn − 4n 7 Theorem 2.1. The generalized Zagreb index GZ of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] is given by Mp,q(T iO2) =6n(d 2 ud 4 v + d 4 vd 2 u ) + (4mn + 4n)(d 2 ud 5 v + d 5 vd 2 u ) + (6mn − 2n)(d 3 ud 5 v + d 5 vd 3 u ) Proof: To compute the generalized Zagreb index of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n], we need an edge partition of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] based on the degree sum of neighbors of end vertices of each edge. The edge partitions are represented with their corresponding cardinalities in table 2. Now with the help of the formula of Zagreb Index, we get the require result. Mp,q(T iO2) = X uv∈E(G) (d p ud q v + d p vd q u ) = X uv∈E6(G) (d p ud q v + d p vd q u ) + X uv∈E7(G) (d p ud q v + d p vd q u ) X uv∈E8(G) (d p ud q v + d p vd q u ) =|E6(G)(d 2 ud 4 v + d 4 vd 2 u ) + |E7(G)(d 2 ud 5 v + d 5 vd 2 u )|E8(G)(d 3 ud 5 v + d 5 vd 3 u ) =6n(d 2 ud 4 v + d 4 vd 2 u ) + (4mn + 4n)(d 2 ud 5 v + d 5 vd 2 u )(6mn − 2n)(d 3 ud 5 v + d 5 vd 3 u ) Theorem 2.2. The Sum - Connectivity index of titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] is given by 2 √ 15 + 2 √ 12 + n 2 + 4n √ 17 + 2n √ 19 + 6m √ 20 + 3m √ 22 + n √ 5 + 4mn + 2n √ 23 + mn − n √ 6 + 6mn − 4n √ 26 Proof: To compute the Sum -Connectivity index of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n], we need an edge partition of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] based on the degree sum of neighbors of end vertices of each edge. The edge partitions are represented with their corresponding cardinalities in tables 2 and 2. Now with the help of the formula of Sum-Connectivity Index, we get the 8 require result. SCI(G) = X uv∈E(G) 1 √ Su + Sv = 2 √ 10 + 5 + 2 √ 7 + 5 + 2n √ 7 + 9 + 4n √ 8 + 9 + 2n √ 10 + 9 + 6m √ 11 + 9 + 3m √ 13 + 9 + 2n √ 7 + 13 + 4mn + 2n √ 10 + 13 + 2mn − 2n √ 11 + 13 + 6mn − 4n √ 13 + 13 = 2 √ 15 + 2 √ 12 + n 2 + 4n √ 17 + 2n √ 19 + 6m √ 20 + 3m √ 22 + n √ 5 + 4mn + 2n √ 23 + mn − n √ 6 + 6mn − 4n √ 26 Theorem 2.3. The Randic index of titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] is given by √ 2 5 + 2 √ 35 + 2n 3 √ 7 + 2n 3 √ 2 + 2n 3 √ 10 + 2m √ 11 + m √ 13 + 2n √ 91 + 4mn + 2n √ 130 + 2mn − 2n √ 143 + 6mn − 4n 13 Proof: To compute the Randic index of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n], we need an edge partition of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] based on the degree sum of neighbors of end vertices of each edge. The edge partitions are represented with their corresponding cardinalities in table 2 and 2. Now with the help of the formula of Randic Index,we get the require result. Rα = X u,v∈E(G) 1 √ Su.Sv = 2 √ 10 × 5 + 2 √ 7 × 5 + 2n √ 7 × 9 + 4n √ 8 × 9 + 2n √ 10 × 9 + 6n √ 11 × 9 + 3n √ 13 × 9 + 2n √ 7 × 13 + 4mn + 2n √ 10 × 13 + 2mn − 2n √ 11 × 13 + 6mn − 4n √ 13 × 13 = √ 2 5 + 2 √ 35 + 2n 3 √ 7 + 2n 3 √ 2 + 2n 3 √ 10 + 2m √ 11 + m √ 13 + 2n √ 91 + 4mn + 2n √ 130 + 2mn − 2n √ 143 + 6mn − 4n 13 9 Theorem 2.4. The Harmonic index of titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] is given by 3 5 + n 4 + 8n 17 + 4n 19 + 3m 5 + 3m 11 + n 5 + 4(2mn + n) 23 + mn − n 6 + 2(3mn − 2n) 13 Proof: To compute the Harmonic index of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n], we need an edge partition of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] based on degree sum of neighbors of end vertices of each edge. The edge partitions are represented with their corresponding cardinalities in tables 2 and 2. Now with the help of the formula of Harmonic Index, we obtain the required result as follows. H(G) = X u,v∈E(G) 1 √ SuSv =2 2 10 + 5 + 2 2 7 + 5 + 2n 2 7 + 9 + 4n 2 8 + 9 + 2n 2 10 + 9 + 6m 2 11 + 9 + 3m 2 13 + 9 + 2m 2 7 + 13 + (4mn + 2m) 2 10 + 13 + (2mn − 2n) 2 11 + 13 + (6mn − 4m) 2 13 + 13 = 3 5 + n 4 + 8n 17 + 4n 19 + 3m 5 + 3m 11 + n 5 + 4(2mn + n) 23 + mn − n 6 + 2(3mn − 2n) 13 Theorem 2.5. The Inverse Sum index of titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] is given by 2 50 15 + 2 35 12 + 2n 63 16 + 4n 72 17 + 2n 90 19 + 6m 99 20 + 3m 117 22 + 2n 91 20 + (4mn + 2n) 130 23 + (2mn − 2m) 143 24 + (6mn − 4n) 169 26 Proof: To compute the Inverse sum index of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n], we need an edge partition of the Titania nanotube T iO2[m, n] based on degree 10 sum of neighbors of end vertices of each edge. The edge partitions are represented with their corresponding cardinalities in tables 2 and 2. Now with the help of the formula of Inverse sum Index, we get the require result. Inverse Sum index = X u,v∈E(G) 2 √ SuSv (Su + Sv) = 2 10 × 5 10 + 5 + 2 7 × 5 7 + 5 + 2n 7 × 9 7 + 9 + 4n 8 × 9 8 + 9 + 2n 10 × 9 10 + 9 + 6m 11 × 9 11 + 9 + 3m 13 × 9 13 + 9 = 2 50 15 + 2 35 12 + 2n 63 16 + 4n 72 17 + 2n 90 19 + 6m 99 20 + 3m 117 22 + 2n 91 20 + (4mn + 2n) 130 23 + (2mn − 2m) 143 24 + (6mn − 4n) 169 26 3 Conclusion In this paper, degree-based topological indices such as Sum-Connectivity Index, Randic index, Harmonic Index, inverse Sum Index of titania nanotube are discussed. Though topological indices connect various fields such as Biology, Pharma Industry, Informatics, material science, the most critical usage in recent years implies to Quantity Structure-Activity Relationship and Quantity Structure-Property Relationship. The steady progress in the application demonstrates that nanotubes continue to play a very big role and shines even better in multiple areas. Moreover, the progress brings great change in the upcoming years. References [1] D. Bonchev and D.H.Rouvray, Chemical graph theory, Introduction and Fundamentals, Chapter 1, 1st Edition (1991). [2] Tingmei Gao and Iftikhar Ahmed, Distance-Based Polynomials and Topological Indices for Hierarchical Hypercube Network, Journal of Mathematics, pp. 1-2, 2021. 11 [3] S.C. Basak, D.Mills, B.D. Gute, G.D. Grunwald and A.T. Balaban, “Application of topological indices in the property/bioactivity/toxicity prediction of chemicals,” in Topology in chemistry, pp.113-184, Woodhead publishing, Sawston, UK, 2002. [4] M. P. Hanson and D. H. Rouvray, “Novel applications of topological indices.2.Predictionof the threshold soot index for hydrocarbon fuels,” The journal of Physical Chemistry, vol.91. no.11, pp.2981-2985,1987. [5] P.J.Hansen and P.C.Jurs, “Chemical applications of graph theory. Part I. Fundamentals and topological indices,” Journal of chemical Education, vol.65, no7, p.574, 1988. [6] W.Gao, W.Wang and M.R.Farahani, “Topological indices study of molecular structure in anticancer drugs,” Journal of Chemistry, Vol 2016, Article ID 3216327, 8 pages, 2016. [7] S. Hayat and M.Imran, “Computational of topological indices of certain networks,” Applied Mathematics and Computation, vol.240, no.23, pp. 213-228, 2014. [8] S.Hayat and M.Imran, “Computation of certain topological indices of nanotubes covered by C5 and C7,” Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience, vol.12, no.4, pp.533-541, 2015. [9] A.Q.Baig, M.Imran and H.Ali, “On topological indices of poly oxide, poly silicate, DOX and DSL networks,” Canadian Journal of Chemistry, vol.93, no.7, pp.730-739, 2015. [10] Y.Bashir, A,Aslam, M.Kamran et al., “On forgotten topological indices of some dendrimers structure,” Molecules, vol.22, no.6, p.867, 2017. [11] A.Aslam, J.L.G.Guirao, S.Ahmad and W.Gao, “Topological indices of the line graph of subdivision graph of complete bipartite graphs,” Applied Mathematics and Information Sciences, vol. 11, no.6, pp.1631- 1636, 2017. [12] G.C.Marsden, P.J.Marchand, P.Harvey and S.C.Esener “Optical transpose interconnection system architectures, Optic letters, vol 18, no.13, pp.1083-1085, 1993. 12 [13] A.Al.Ayyoub,A.Awwad K.Day and M.Ould-Hhaoua, “Generalized methods for algorithm development on optical systems,” The journal of Supercomputing, vol.38, no.2, pp.111-125, 2006. [14] C.F.Wang and S.Sahni, “Matrix multiplication on the OTIS-mesh optoelectronic computer,” IEEE Transactions on Computers, vol.50, no.7, pp.635-646, 2001. [15] Yu Fu and Anchun Mo (2018), A Review on the Electrochemically Self-Organized Titania Nanotube Arrays:Synthesis, Modifications and Biomedical Applications: Nanoscale Research Letters:13:187. [16] Roy P, Berger S, Schmuki P (2011) T iO2 nanotubes: synthesis and applications. Angew Chem Int Ed 50(13):2904-2939. [17] Paramasivam I, Jha H, Liu et. al. (2012), A review of Photocatalysis using self-organized T iO2 nanotubes and other ordered oxide nanostructures Small 8(20):3073-3103. [18] Roy P.Kim D, Lee K et. al. (2010), T iO2 nanotubes and their application in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nanoscale 2(1);45-59. [19] Zhang Q, Cao G(2011), Nanostructured photoelectrodes for dyesensitized solar cells, Nano Today 6(1):91-109. [20] Li Y, Yu X. Yang Q, Fabrication of Nanotube thin films and their gas sensing properties[J], Journal of sensors.2009;2009(2009):19. [21] Ochiai T, Fujishima A (2012), Photoelectrochemical properties of T iO2 photocatalyst and its applications for environmental purification.J Photochem Photobiol C:Photochem Rev 13(4):247-262. [22] Maher S, Qin J, Gulati K, et. al., 3D printed titanium implants with nano-engineered surface titania nanotubes for localized drug delivery[J].Chemeca 2016:Chemical Engineering-Regeneration,Recovery and Reinvention. 2016; 65-76. [23] Fujishima A,Honda K(1972) Electrochemical photolysis of water at a semiconductor electode.nature 238(5358):37-38. [24] Fujishima A,Rao TN,Tryk DA(2000) Titanium dioxide photocatalysis.J Photochem Photobioi C.Photochem Rev 1(1)-21. 13 [25] Tryk DA,Fujishima A,Honda K(2000) Recent topics in photoelectrochemistry: achievements and future prospects.Electrochem Acta 45(15):2363-2376. [26] Li X Wang L,Fan Y et al (2012) Biocompatibility and toxicity of nanoparticles and nanotubes J Nanometer 2012:6. [27] Iijima S,Ichihashi T(1993) Single -shell carbon nanotubes of 1-nm diameter nature 363(6430):603-605. [28] Assefpour-Dezfuly M,Vlachos C,Andrews EH (1984) Oxide morphology and adhesive bonding on titanium surfaces J Mater Sci 19(11):3626- 3639. [29] Lee K,Mazare A,Schmuki P(2014) One-dimensional titanium dioxide nanomaterials,nanotubes.Chem Rev 114(19):9385-9454. [30] Roy P,Albu SP,Schmuki P (2010) TiO2 nanotubes in dye-sensitized solar cells:higher efficiencies by well defined tube tops.Electrochem Commun12(7):949-951. [31] Jang NS, Kim SH et al (2014) Direct growth of titania nanotubes on plastic substrates and their application to flexible gas sensors,Sensors Actuators B Chem 199:361-368. [32] Enachi M,Lupan O,Braniste T et al (2015) Integration of individual TiO2 nanotube on the chip:nanodevice for hydrogen sensing.physical status solid (RRL)-Rapid Research Letters 9(3):171-174. [33] Chen B,Hou,J Lu K(2013) Formation mechanism of TiO2 nanotubes and their applications in photoelectrochemical water splitting and supercapacitors,Langmuir 29(19):5911-5919. [34] Snaith H,Docampo P (2014) Solid state dye-sensitized solar cellencylopedia of applied electrochemistry.Springer,New York,PP 2029- 2040. [35] Mor GK,Shankar K,Paulose M et al(2007) High efficiency double heterojunction polymer photovoltaic cells using highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays.Appl Phys Lett 91(15):152111. 14 [36] Varghese OK, Paulose M, Grimes CA(2009) Long verticaaly aligned titania nanotubes on transparent conducting oxide for highly efficient solar cells.Nat Nanotechnol 4(9):592-597. [37] Varghese OK,Paulose M,LaTempa Tj et al (2009) High-rate solar photocatalytic conversion of CO2 and water vapor to hydrocarbon fuels.Nano Lett 9(2):731-737. [38] Nakata K,Fujishima A(2012) TiO2 photocatalysis: design and applications.J Photochem Photobiol C:Photochem Rev 13(3):169-189. [39] Mohammed AM,Aljaber AS,AlQaradwi SY et al (2015) TiO2 nanotubes with ultrathin walls for enhances water splitting.Chem Commun 51(63):12617-12620. [40] Jia-Bao Liu,Wei Gao.Muhammad Kamran Siddiqui,Muhammad Reza Farahani(2016) Computing three topological indices for Titanai nanotubes TiO2[m,n].AKCE International Journal of Graphs and Combinatorics 13(2016) 255-260. [41] R.A.Evarestov,Y.F.Zhukovskii,A.V.Bandura,S.Piskunov,Symmetry and models of single-wallwd TiO2 nanotubes with rectangular morphology, Cent. Eur. J. Phys. 9(2) (2011) 492-501. [42] H.J.Wiener,Structural determination of paraffin boiling points. J.Amer.Chem.Soc.69(1947) 17-20. [43] M.Randic, On characterization of molecular branching,J.Am.Chem.Soc.97(1974) 6609-6615. [44] D. Vukicevic, B. Furtula, Topological Index based on the Ratios of Geometrical and Arithmetical means of End-vertex Degrees of Edges, J. Math. Chem., 46, pp. 1369-1376, (2009). [45] K. Xu, K.C. Das, S. Balachandran, Maximizing the Zagreb Indices of (n, m) graphs, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem., 72, pp. 641- 654, (2014). [46] B. Zhou, N. Trinajstic, On General Sum-connectivity Index, J. Math. Chem., 47, pp. 210-218, (2010). 15 [47] J. Palacios, A Resistive Upper Bound for the ABC Index, MATCH Commun. Math. Comput. Chem., 72, pp. 709-713, (2014). 16 |
|